Understanding Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

[Image Description: In the background is the Adelaide Convention Centre, in the middle of the image is a black circle demonstrating macular issues.]

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of vision loss in Australia. Around one in seven Australians over the age of 50 show some signs of AMD, and the risk increases significantly as we age.

While AMD does not usually cause total blindness, it affects the central vision needed for everyday tasks such as reading, recognising faces and driving.

The good news is that early detection and healthy lifestyle choices can slow the progression of the disease.

What Is Age-Related Macular Degeneration?
AMD is a chronic, progressive disease affecting the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp vision, colour perception and fine detail.

In the early stages, AMD often develops without noticeable symptoms because the condition is painless. As it progresses, people may have trouble with tasks that rely on clear central vision.

Importantly, peripheral vision is usually preserved, meaning AMD rarely leads to total blindness.

The Stages of AMD
AMD typically develops gradually and is classified into three stages >>

Early AMD
Medium-sized deposits called drusen build up beneath the macula. Vision is usually unaffected at this stage.

Intermediate AMD
Larger drusen appear, and changes to the macula may occur. Some people notice subtle vision distortions.

Advanced AMD
Advanced AMD occurs in two forms >>

– Dry AMD (Geographic Atrophy)
Gradual loss of retinal cells leading to slow vision deterioration.

– Wet AMD (Neovascular AMD)
Abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak fluid or blood, which can cause rapid vision loss.

[Image Description: Two black and white grids side by side the left has normal vision the right demonstrates macular issues.]

Recognising Symptoms
Symptoms of AMD may include >>

1. Straight lines appearing wavy or distorted
2. Difficulty reading or words appearing blurred
3. Trouble recognising faces
4. Dark or blurred patches in central vision

People diagnosed with AMD are encouraged to regularly use an Amsler grid to monitor for changes between eye examinations. However, it should not replace professional assessment.

Risk Factors for AMD
AMD develops due to a combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors >>

1. Age
   The biggest risk factor. Risk increases significantly after age 50.
2. Family History
   Having a close relative with AMD increases your likelihood of developing the condition.
3. Smoking
   Smoking is the most significant modifiable risk factor, increasing the likelihood of developing AMD two to four times.
4. Lifestyle and Diet
   Weight, cardiovascular health, and nutrition also influence the risk and progression of AMD.

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Treatment Options
Currently, there is no cure for AMD, but treatments can help slow progression and preserve vision. For early and intermediate AMD, treatment focuses on >>

1. Healthy diet
2. Lifestyle changes
3. Nutritional supplementation where appropriate

For wet AMD, treatment often involves anti-VEGF injections which help stop abnormal blood vessel growth and reduce fluid leakage.

Recently, a treatment for advanced dry AMD (geographic atrophy) has been approved in Australia. While promising, this treatment is currently not listed on the PBS and can be costly.

AMD is a common condition that can have a significant impact on independence and quality of life.

The key message is that early detection matters. Regular eye examinations, healthy lifestyle choices and early treatment can help slow the progression of the disease.

As we recognise Macular Month, it’s an important reminder to prioritise eye health and encourage others to have their vision checked.

Regular eye checks can detect AMD early and help protect your vision.

Book an Eye Health Check With See Differently Today >> https://seedifferently.org.au/contact-us